Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes
Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry is defined as the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds.
Carbonyl
A carbonyl group is a chemically organic functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom –> [C=O] The simplest carbonyl groups are aldehydes and ketones usually attached to another carbon compound. These structures can be found in many aromatic compounds contributing to smell and taste.
Isomer
Isomers are one of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms within the molecules and that may have different physical/chemical properties.
Cis Isomers are referred to as the molecules having the same connectivity of the atoms. They constitute similar side groups that are placed on the same side of the double bond.
Trans isomers consist of molecules having similar side groups that are placed on opposite sides of the double bond.
Alkanes
Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups.
Alkane Formula
Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2
Using the formula we can determine the Molecular formula quickly.
For Example, if we wanted to figure out Octane, we can use the OCT portion to know that means 8 and that will give us our Carbon count. Next we double the carbon and add 2 and that gives us 10 hydrogen. Resulting in C8H18
Naming Alkanes
When naming Alkanes we must count the longest chain of carbons. This is going to tell us whether it’s 1- Meth, 2 – Eth, 3 – Prop… etc. Because it’s an Alkane we know it’s saturated so it’ll end in the “ane”. Next, we need to identify if there are any branches. If so, number the carbon position starting from the end closest to the first branch. If there is 1 – Methyl on carbon 2 & 1 on carbon 3, then we would label which carbon position the branches are on. In this case, it would be “2,3” and since we have 2 – Methyl branches we would baleve it as “2,3 – Dimethylhexane”. I labeled this as if there were 6 carbon.
Functional Groups
A functional group is a group of atoms in a molecule with distinctive chemical properties, regardless of the other atoms in the molecule.
Functional Groups
A hydrocarbon that has no functional groups. Alkanes are named with the suffix -ane
A hydrocarbon that has at least one C-C double bond. Alkenes are named with the suffix -ene
A hydrocarbon that has at least one C-C triple bond. If the alkyne is terminal, the proton is slightly acidic and acetylide anions can be formed. Alkynes are named with the suffix -yne
Also called aromatics, are hydrocarbons that contain at least one phenyl group. Aromatics can contain other functional groups and are named with the prefix phenyl- or with the suffix -benzene
A compound that contains a halogen (main group VII in the periodic table) substituent. Haloalkanes are named with a derivation of the prefix halo-
A compound that contains a C-O double bond, where one of the substituents on the carbon atom is a hydrogen atom and the other is a carbon atom. The C=O bond is polarized towards oxygen, making the carbon atom electrophilic and thus aldehydes are substrates for nucleophilic addition reactions. Aldehydes are named with the suffix -al
A compound that contains a C-O double bond, where both of the substituents on the carbon atom are carbon atoms. The C=O bond is polarized towards oxygen, making the carbon atom electrophilic and thus ketones are substrates for nucleophilic addition reactions. Ketones are named with the suffix -one
A compound with a hydroxy (-OH) substituent to saturated carbon. Alcohols can be deprotonated to create a good nucleophile, or protonated to transform the -OH into a good leaving group (OH2), thereby making the alcohols suitable substrates for SN1/SN2 and E1/E2 reactions. Alcohols are named with the suffix -ol
A compound that contains a C-O-C bond. Ethers are generally not very reactive and are often used as solvents. Ethers are named with the suffix ether
A compound that contains an amino substituent. The amine can be primary (R-NH2), secondary (R-NHR’) or tertiary (R-NR’R”). Amines are alkaline and often used as bases or nucleophiles. Amines are named with the suffix amine
A compound with a -COOH substituent. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives (below) can be transformed into each other through nucleophilic substitution reactions. Carboxylic acids are named with the suffix -oic acid
A compound with a -COOCO- component. Acid anhydrides are derivatives of carboxylic acids, structurally resembling two carboxylic acids that have been merged with the elimination of a water molecule. Acid anhydrides are named with the suffix -oic anhydride
A compound with a -COOR substituent. Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids, structurally resembling a carboxylic acid that has been merged with an alcohol by the elimination of a water molecule. Esters are named with -yl -oate
A compound with a -CONHR substituent. Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acids, structurally resembling a carboxylic acid that has been merged with an amine by the elimination of a water molecule. Amides are named with the suffix amide
A compound with a -COX substituent, where the X is a halogen. Acid halides are derivatives of carboxylic acids, where the hydroxy substituent has been replaced with a halogen atom. Acyl halides are named with the suffix -oyl halide